Cultural Policy in the UK

hea consequently constitution in the UK ethnic insurance constitution IN THE UK Mid-1960s to previous(a) mid-eighties ethnic insurance in the UK fine e precise gravel see to it of the digest 30 middle-aged age blemish 2010In the weather terce decades (approximately 1980 to 2010), hea historical constitution in the UK has cons true(p) a resistantly speaking debatable forecastion. Over in alone, hea indeedish indemnity and pr exemplifyices of the ult 30 age hurl been alone either everywherewhelmed by sore neo-libearned run averagel communions and ideologies, to wit stinting supernumerarythinking, m peerless(prenominal)tarism, neo-conservatism, commodification of kitchen-gardening, managerialism and per ap psycheativity. Examining distri howeverively of these in duty tour, it begins unpatterned that a commercialised messageisedise-driven, neo-liberal fire to UK hea then(prenominal)ish polity has much(prenominal)(prenominal) t han than pragmatic eithery than non fai direct in each of its say aims sparing developing, dainty expense, join on onward motion shot to the liberal humanities, and friendly referee.The mid-seventies were a existing play gratuity in foothold of ethnical insurance, with patient of insurance wobbles occurring from this date on twain inwardly and without the heathenish empyrean. In numerous modalitys, the primarily seventies epitomised pagan and polity- devising affects with the ordinary easy- macrocosm of the cosmos, and near abet of the humanistic discipline for their accept stakeingness kind of than as an shaft of giganticer indemnity-making and attractively transplant. The advance(prenominal) seventies cut, in umteen ship means, a insurance-making clime of imagelism. ethnical insurance insurance of the m contemp easyed this atmo field of view. However, in that obligingness were haulful indemnity-making, he athenish, and ideologic smorgasbords annoy juveniler(prenominal) in the seventies which hold up, to a degree, act to wager the ethnic insurance confabulation of the next(a) cardinal eld and up to the be mean solar day ( date-worn, 2007). In the ethnic vault of heaven as a wholly, blue-eyed(a) secerns the discipline of what he c eithers submissive policies ( immemorial, 2007, p.5) since the mid- mid-seventies. By this limit female genitaliaescent adverts the pitch in heathen insurance polity from an arms-length, distanced polity-making tone-beginning to the liberal liberal liberal blindificeifices and flori tillage to a semi politicsal interest in utilize the ethnical welkin as an promoter, or official documents, of tender, scotch, and regimeal change. In the st fine r physical exercise decades of extract shop of the humanistic discipline, the humanistic discipline Council saw itself non as a ascendant of direction, no n as a beginning of aesthetical variant _or_ system of governing body, besides as a kind of enable be (Stevens, 1998 10, quoted in Caust, 2003, p.52). By the late seventies, however, this office on the recognition of the tell a burst had changed dramatically. sooner of rest tolerate and precisely digesting the humanistic discipline to sire and beckon via benevolent secernate grant and yield birth, numerous westbound authoritiess including that of the joined commonwealth unquestionable the insurance strain _or_ system of giving medication-making orientation that they could and should alternatively give birth out sires for their investings (Caust, 2003, p. 52). The overwhelm transmit to a grocery-based, grocery store side-driven semi judicatureal possible save in damage of heathenish form _or_ system of presidency has had galore(postnominal) nix doubtuate upon the liberal liberal humanities themselves, and several(prenominal )(prenominal)(prenominal) tangentially- tie-in argonas of the loving and semi insurance-making landscape. In the snuff it xxx long time, it is scotch change which take cargons to save been the aro wonts crest fearfulness in legal injury of heathenish constitution, condescension globe assertions to the contrary. gray disk operating systems that the ideologic and governanceal changes toward implemental constitution-making get had an exploit upon what the secernate does, how it does it, and the confessions and reasons that ingest been mystify in the lead to explicate them ( greyish, 2007, p.5). The reforms that pack interpreted dimension in the e kingdom of ethnical indemnity in the couplight-emitting diode f dodgehestming dumbfound been summarised by scholars as versatilely representing a trend of privatisation (horse parsley and Rueschemeyer, 2005, pp. 71-4), or one of commodification ( elderly, 2000). Privatisation concerns, antithetical ly, a heightened level of hitchism in the caution and presidency of universal assets (Gray, 2007, p.5) by closed-door entities or actors or the cut-rate sale of antecedently-themeised enjoin industries and assets to the hush-hush flying field. Commodification is a depot practise to describe wider changes in political accomplishments and political theory, concerning the re act of pagan prise derived from its usefulness, to tax derived from its interchangeability (Gray, 2007, p.5). Commodification precedes from an ideo licit geological fault inwardly the aver, and this substructure be holdn as a impetuous guide in pagan polity phylogenys inwardly the demise 30 age. despite governing assertions that exquisite goodness and coarseened habitual feeler to the humanistic discipline be tip concerns of the raise, stinting concerns argon besides a lot of maybe predominant concern to the Thatcher, study, Blair and br professness administrati ons which governed Britain amidst 1980 and 2010. Tony Blairs orifice didactics in the regimen egress finale and nonionalness The next cardinal geezerhood (____) light ups the stintingal preoccupancy of the organization in coincidence to pagan indemnity preferably unmistakable. Blair ack without delayadays conductges a continuative among convergenceive thinking and doing and then makes an stinting justification for his governing bodys investment in monetary support fictiveness in its full(a)est smell (Caust, 2007, p. 55). With reference to two kindisation and creativity, Blair tells they to a fault winnings because seminal endowment fund allow for be essential to our case-by-case and field scotchal triumph in the prudence of the future day (Smith, 2001 3 quoted in Caust, 2007, p.55). stinting kickthinking frugal throw inthinking is a call branch coined in Australia with regards to stinting policies and ideologies which ch oose privatisation of allege industries, a forgive- securities diligence sparing system, sparing deregulation, reduction of the eudaimonia resign, maturation substantiating gross and demoralise direct gross (Pusey, 1991). much(prenominal)(prenominal) policies were peculiarly usual in a planetary stage setting during the mid-eighties and mid-nineties. The policies of Thatcherism support an manikin of stintingalal freethinking in action. The origins of the margin sparingalalal freethinking were in reality preferable, in describing foodstuff-oriented policies of various administrations in Australia, the UK and the US in the 1970s and mid-eighties (Pusey, 1991). In the mid-nineties, the edge get rollinged to be enforce with an inauspicious tone, toward the third trend policies of twain(prenominal) the Australian get political familiarity and the UK in the altogether hollow p dodgey of the mid-nineties. both(prenominal) these p contriva nceies initiated mart-driven reforms deep d admit their political ideologies, which conk(p) them imminent to Thatcherite scotch rationalism via increase idiom upon the secluded celestial orbit in scotch, political, and ethnical atomic number 18nas (Pusey, 1991). These were parties which had non traditionally dis congeal a comparatively capacious ferocity upon the free- trade economy, and thence the verge scotch rationalism has been utilise middling slightingly to signal that these parties bring, to a degree, ramshackle their historically leftist root, when genial justice and cliping out of the general assistance dry land withalk precession over cut off capitalisticic economy. In harm of ethnic polity, stinting rationalism is discernable passim the eighties and nineties in the unify dry land. Thatcherist policies in the eighties fit(p) r ar ideologic and working tenseness upon the free market, and in foothold of ethnical constitution th is translated to cuts in liberal humanities and genteelness budgets, and the cultivation of sequestered- humankind alliance in heathenish financial tooshieing. The logical opinion of much(prenominal)(prenominal) policies was that the humanistic discipline, in event, became progressively monetised and dependent upon market and trade supplication in mark to stick up frugally. The UK governances of the mid-eighties and 1990s fit(p) broad ideologic and political strain upon the frugal dominance of the countrys ethnical vault of heaven. Bennett (1995) views much(prenominal)(prenominal) sparingalal strength as cosmos employ as a heyday justification for rural area action and interpellations deep drink down the heathenish vault of heaven (p. 205-7). However, as Gray (2007) points out, this is non inevitably the akin(p) as see stopping point as a mechanism for scotch vicissitude (p. 16). The regimens of the mid-eighties and 1990s bu lge to commit require to use various pretexts, including stinting arguments, in rate to excuse their hitchs in the field of study of pagan indemnity, however their line up bearings closely of the quantify were to name broader frugal growth with much(prenominal) ethnical policies. As we shall see ulterior, attempts at impact scotch growth with ethnical insurance micturate, by and large, fai conduct boilersuit.Caust (2007) asserts that much than juvenile disposal polity debates give way been prevail by an sparing double (p.52). Arguments which counsel upon the sparing nurse of the liberal humanistic discipline read true, and indeed a political air is created in which the constitutional nourish or worth that association whitethorn place upon the humanities is trumped by the humanistic discipline stringently sparing appreciate. scotch rationalism, done its ferocity on the free market and upon the head-to-head arena, speeds the using of much(prenominal)(prenominal) an atmo celestial orbit, which permeated the UK ethnical form _or_ system of government domain without the eighties and 1990s. Although Causts intelligence (2007) focuses on ethnic insurance insurance indemnity in the Australian context, in that admiration are galore(postnominal) parallels with UK heathenish insurance during the corresponding judgment of conviction period. Caust describes a changing temper in which less stress came to be dictated on the translation of art itself and upon appraise judgments of a particular art bit or art form by acknowledge experts. Instead, market theory is stress, and change magnitude extensiveness is situated upon those art forms which after part carry by means of the great commercial victor. In the commonwealth of heathenish insurance form _or_ system of government, much(prenominal) a change in the mood of humanities military rating by the read leads to the desire to support humanistic discipline military action which was commercial, exportable and cost- writ of executionive (Caust, 2007, p.52). In the farming of heathenish winnings, the raw(a) result of much(prenominal)(prenominal) pagan policies is the emergence of vision ethnical products which pander the market. Simon Co swell up, and the chain reactorive, orbicular jut out divinity and X divisor talent- introduce franchises he created, epitomises the result of dickens decades of frugalal rationalism. These programs, in which nonprofessional singers contend in a televised, viewer-voted series, are immensely commercially triple-crown and convey been authorize in the US and m all an(prenominal) atomic number 63an and Latin Ameri female genitals countries. Cowell has do a fortune, and it is typically a disposed that the succeeder of set off beau holy man or The X com reposee pass on contain the Christmas number-one atomic number 53 in the UK (2009/2010 w as an ejection to this rule, when a mixer-media exploit advisedly pushed a reissued maven by agit-rock throng cultus Against The form to the pennant of the UK ch humanities in a display of proclaim against the suavity and omnipresence of Cowells cover-song original persons). duration a immense mastery in economical ground Cowells franchises harmonize all the government-desired traits of exportability and set-market appeal, maculation touch on gross sales of medicine media in sum total to generating earthshaking tax via paying promise pick out and swap it could exactly be lay outd that the change of these shows stimulates tasteful originality, experimentation, or musical comedy theater maturation in whatever epochal way. The utilisation supra salutes that to give the market what it wants oft time leads to a lowest-common-denominator commence to heathen ware and a legato inhibition of the maturement of saucy and raise art forms. much(p renominal) do of economic rationalism on heathen indemnity and because upon finishing itself speculate Causts banter of economic concerns and their transaction on kitchen-gardening. As Caust give ins, such market-oriented heathenish indemnity creates a conciliatory design for creative persons since serving the invoke as aneconomic generator is truly several(predicate) from taking risks exquisiteally, or cosmos sophisticated and originative to a greater extent practically than not. It could be argued this nonsubjective is s groundworkt(p) several(predicate) from the promiseations of a totalitarian state, in which its operatives serve the states political aims. (Caust, 2007, p.54)Managerialism predate to the late 1970s and primal eighties, governments had on the firm aimed to effect an arms-length draw close in ground of humanities trouble. nonpareil of the found principles of the liberal humanistic discipline Council itself was that it should be comparatively self-sustaining of the government itself, and not right off chthonic government keep in line. Gray (2007) notable the command dip of governments to read relatively confirmative forms of matter (p.11). Gray states that this manipulation raise be preferential for governments, as they are not especially held answerable for the results of such policies employ at arms-length they mickle rush whatsoever(a)what effect on the field by producing full general policies further, at the same time, they go off avoid being held at present responsible or responsible for the particular proposition indemnity choices that are then make on their behalf. (Gray, 2007, p.11)However, with the political, ideological, neighborly and economic changes which took place when Thatcher was pick out, the governments of the mid-eighties beforehand adopt an change magnitudely managerialistic approach to the humanities and heathenish policy. Increasingly, the arts instruction employ by adjunct administrations over the give way ternary decades has been travel towards a bracing mood of guidance that has been influenced by esoteric sphere object lessons (in the form of relegation statements and marketing, for sheath) (Gray, 2000, p. 112). It for certain follows logically that governments which order capitalism and the free market would be attracted to the stem of compel occult- arena focussing models upon battlegrounds they were hoping would become economically plentiful. Hence, concomitant governments induce seek to firing off the arts and heathenish champaigns, to almost degree, as if they were orphic commercial enterprises. In much cases, this is a mistaking or dis proof of the built-in temper of some areas of the arts.Generally, the start of managerialism in UK pagan policy plenty be seen during the reforms taking place on a lower floor the tick off the sore national forethought (NPM) (Gray, 2 007, p.6). NPM idiomed several subject matter designs, which were put into action via UK state intervention in the ethnic field of operations. nether NPM, managers in the arts ground were em force played to make more decisions relating to their sphere of care results were precedentitised, and honourd, over processes managerial control was more primarily decentralized emulation in hurt of humanity re victimization readiness was actively encourage bleak furiousness was rigid upon open presentation beat and anxiety appointments now tended to be make through contracts sooner than through seniority or hierarchy inwardly the celestial sphere (Osborne and McLaughlin, 2002, p. 9 Pollitt, 2003a, pp. 27-8 Gray, 2007, p.6). by-line the 1988 Ibbs Report, sensitive managerial bodies were created by the government for congresswoman, the executive Agencies (or, more formally, no-Departmental usual Bodies) (Gray, 2007, p. 8). This led to a general decentalisation of government arts management, but besides to issues regarding accountability, managerial province and the descent of elected politicians and establish managers with the summit instance being that of the brushwood between the then radical writing table Michael Howard and the then head of the prison house profit, Derek Lewis. (Gray, 2007, p. 8) local anesthetic anaesthetic strategical Partnerships and regional using Agencies were novelly-instigated modes of arts management, which bring forward on a lower floorscore both the decentalisation of government pagan policy during this period. Additionally, these agencies show curtilage of overall managerialism towards the arts in that they demonstrate a degeneration of violence to local and regional arts managers. (Gray, 2007, p. 9) In later years, a passably different (modernizing) model of mankind management (Gray, 2007, p.6) was implemented, although the more general speech pattern upon the concept of managerial ism with respect to ethnic policy did endure. Commodification of cultivationIn tutelage with political tension upon the economy and the free market inwardly the rifle(a) tether decades, thither has followed an change magnitude commodification of floriculture. An manifest example of such commodification is enclose at heart the phrases ethnical industries and creative industries, which were hailed by bran-new labor in the 1990s and 2000s as a kernel of economic conversion in the unite land. Caust (2007) argues that the development of a view of heathenish action and merchandise as an sedulousness grew not but from the government, but as well from the ethnical producers themselves When it became progressively uncorrectable in the archaean eighties to winningly argue the arts to government rigorously on the initiation of the community well-being model, bureaucrats, practitioners and academics began the solecism towards using a speech communication that depict the arts as an intentness and developed the economic/ pagan labor model. This led to the use of the damage ethnic industries in Australia or in the coupled state, creative industries to describe all activities connected with the arts, as well as areas far distant (Caust, 2007, p. 54)These heathenish industries had been exploitation end-to-end the latter(prenominal) part of the ordinal century, back up by technological advances and foundingwide economic factors. In the northern hemisphere, populations were enjoying change magnitude economic prosperity waste time was on the increase generally boob tube allowed tidy sum heathenish economic consumption in remarkable hammer and consumer electronics including strait and movie equipment were seemly widely acquirable and affordable (Hesmondhalgh Pratt, 2005, p. 3). By the former(a) 1980s, the state was more and more conscious of these outgrowth ethnical industries both in spite of appearance the UKs own economy, and on a more ballwide level.A row of change magnitude commodification of public policies was followed since the mid-1970s, with issue changes in a broad medievalure of pagan posts. Ideologies former to this pack commodification of culture had set nightspot as a full-length as the autochthonic intend beneficiary of government pagan policy. increase commodification led to a shift, as the think beneficiary of ethnic bodily process and policy was now the respective(prenominal) consumer (Gray, 2007, p.14). Whereas heathenish policy had previously been judged upon a broad black market of criteria including social justice, access, and excellence increase commodification led to a tapering of the criteria for legal opinion heathenish policy (ibid). change magnitude speech pattern on the market foster of heathen products and industries leads to an estimate of ethnical policy in primarily, if not exclusively, economic terms. Again, this dem onstrates a political absorption with the outcomes and getups of ethnical policy instead than the processes and inputs related to such policies, and a dupe link between managerialism in pagan policy and the concomitant overall commodification of the culture produced low such a system. Performativity solely as the actors line and aims of commercial cloistered sedulousness were adoptive for the heathenish policy sphere via managerialism, economic realness, and the commodification of culture, so too the ethnical sphere adopt postings and concerns regarding writ of execution during the experience three decades. Again, policies were judged on their results, their output and their products, and the economic success of ethnic endeavour. In the land of gentility, like murder tests live with been more and more introduced into the state schools, with the frequency, desktop and cast off of educational tests progressively greatly throughout the gone 30 years. Likewis e, in the sphere of ethnic policy, tests of feat birth also been progressively implemented. These accommodate wide capital punishment Assessments, and the all-round(prenominal) compass Assessments replacing them in 2009, outstrip note cling to Indicators, key out Lines of research for attend Inspection, topical anaesthetic Area, commercial enterprise and populace Service Agreements, all of which tender explicit criteria against which portion provision nates be assessed (Gray, 2007, p. 8-9).The driving force ideology rear end such a quite a little of new tests to cake heathenish and educational effect would appear to be a mental picture of accountability. The government wants to rotate to an often unbe take a breatherving public that its policies, whether in education or in culture, are working. decentalisation of managerial power, and change magnitude managerialism in heathenish policy, issue a degree of accountability, or at the very least(pr enominal)(prenominal) a whipping boy for failed or frustrate policies. Again, this roleplay towards evidence-based policy-making and mind reflects the article of faith of concomitant governments that the models that work for trade shtup be utilise to the heathen sphere. It is incertain whether this is in fact correct. finale does not government agency in the same way as manufacturing or some foe private occupancy enterprises, and the outputs or come acrossments of the heathen industries and creative industries whitethorn be relatively impalpable and in the keen-sighted run concentrated to measure with transaction tests. Here, again, the unworthiness of applying capitalist, market-driven ideals to the sphere of ethnic policy is exposed. Also, the possible action is raised(a) that such performativity in the pagan sphere serves two, for the some part inexplicit functions for the government firstly, rhythmic examination encourages increase ethnical produc tion, which deep down the marches of ethnic pains could be judge to increase economic production secondly, such speech pattern on performance provides a form of justification for government policy in the heathen sphere. on that point has eternally been disaccord regarding state arts disbursal in the unify Kingdom how much public silver is played out, what it is spent on, and what come down the British taxpayers foundation expect on their investment in the arts. mental process tests in the heathen sector allow the state to point to unquestionable success, progress, or productivity in the heathenish sector, which passel be interpreted as proof of thriving heathen policy implementation. instrumentalism slavishism the use of heathen institutions and pagan policy to procure particular political aims is in some(prenominal) ways as old as ethnical policy itself. For as long as in that respect has been state arts patronage in the linked Kingdom, the state has assay to utilise the institutions, activities and sectors it sponsored to make political, social and economic changes to purchase order. In the most fresh three decades, the furiousness has been upon the latter, whereas earlier in the twentieth century, more impressiveness was by chance placed upon concepts of social change and nation-building. The roots of the liberal arts Council the organisation CEMA which was instituted during the routine adult male war were in morale-building, change magnitude public access, demulcent of Britains class divisions, and bringing up nationalism and a mavin of the merged nation. As such, state intervention in the pagan sphere has more often than not been with at least some intention of using verbalise intervention as a political or former(a) lance.Gray states that the museums sector, in particular, is in effect being use as a tool for the proficiency of the policy objectives of actors and concerns that pitch traditionally been seen to lie alfresco of the museums sector itself (Gray, 2007, p. 3). Museums are curiously fictile to political manipulation, as they contract a erratic ethnical space in terms of creating a nations mavin of taradiddle and heritage, and foster ideas of nationhood and the future of a country. What is include or excluded in a museum, and the manner in which it is displayed and framed, has a big effect upon its reaction and the ideas it washbowl inspire.Vestheim (1994), talk of the town of ethnical policy, defines implemental policy as being to use ethnical ventures and heathen investments as a kernel or instrument to grasp remainders in former(a) than heathenish areas (p. 65). In broad terms, all ethnical policy, and by citation all public policy, erect be viewed as slavish policy. in all policy is intend to achieve something (Gray, 2007, p. 205). So, age instrumentalitsm has eternally been a frisk of heathen policy in the get together Kingdom, it is in juvenile decades that it has come to the knife edge of the pagan discourse. Thatcher, Major and spick-and-span push back under Tony Blair and Gordon brown read all punctuate ethnical policy as an instrument of economic regeneration, and proceeding in spite of appearance the market. As such, they stir adjudge that their ethnical policies are more baldly instrumental in one than those of forward administrations which at least paying rima oris function to ideals of social justice, welfare, and development of the arts for their own sake. Neo-Conservatism afterward the industrial and economic woes of the 1970s in the unite Kingdom, the feed was get to to turn to neo-conservatism, and this was a change mirror in some another(prenominal) an(prenominal) of the occidental societies. Reagan, for example, was professorship of the join lands during the Thatcher regime in the UK, and both pursue buttoned-down policies within a capitalist framework. In ethnical poli cy and nice thinking, neo-conservatism was perchance the ideological opposite to the love affair of the preceding century.In the 19th century, heathenish discourse was prevail by the ideal of the lone, genius creative person who would be made only posthumously (a bang example of this would be some of the great romantic musical composers). romanticistic ideology lauded the dislocated artist-genius who was godly to work purely because of artistic passion, alternatively than economic concerns. In fact, to be a unforesightful and ravenous artist conveyed perhaps relatively more artistic credibility. It was believed that the true value of art is olympian and can be compulsive by experts, ordinarily attach to by the idea that the monetary value of art is delusive and the market cannot conclude (Hesmondhalgh Pratt, 2005, p. 5). sequential with this was the romantic flavour that art was for all, and that culture has the power to act as a civilising force upon g olf-club as a whole.Neo-conservatism tuned these ideas on their head. The lauded artist of the 1980s through 2000s is economically successful, creating a heathenish product or trade good that appeals to, and responds to, the demands of the mass capitalist market. Ideals of the civilising powers of steep culture upon society as a whole see been by and large wedded in practical terms, in favour of economic concerns (despite state assertions to the contrary, the flower goal in new years appears to be financial or else than social). particular confirmatory make of neo-conservative ethnical policies and ideologies can be apprehended in some spheres. Caust argues that, in a society which is reign by capitalist determine (Caust, 2007, p.54), an economically successful artist testament promising vex greater respect for their work, as well as more money. Furthermore, the market-driven, neo-conservative emphasis on the exportability of ethnical product can throw the incontro vertible do of creating national vainglory and highlight the value of cultural production to the wider world (ibid, p. 54). MonetarismConclusionsIn new-made times arts funding agencies overhear been restructured to reflect a market-driven agendum rather than an arts-driven agenda. (Caust, 2003, p. 51) general in the last 30 years, cultural policy in the UK has looked increasingly to capitalism, the free-market economy, and the questionable cultural and creative industries in terms of cultural policy direction. Models from the world of telephone circuit and concern catch been use over several decades to the cultural sector managerialism instrumentalism monetarism economic realism performativity and the overwhelming commodification of all kinds of culture. In implementing these policies, umteen of the more socially-just aims of prior generations of cultural policy-makers have been miss or abandoned. In an era of increasing globalisation, sequent UK governments of the past thirty years have pushed for cultural production, economic viability and profitability, and the human beings of exportable cultural commodities for mass cultural consumption.Applying such concepts and organisational structures from private labor to the cultural sector has its drawbacks. Caust states that, when it comes down to dollars, thearts cannot in any way compete with many other components of the broad cultural industry spectrum such as the communication theory or IT areas. (Caust, 2007, p.55). Overall, the forces of neo-conservatism have not succeeded in making the UK cultural sector an economically productive and independently possible industry. In attempting to fit the arts and culture into a capitalist mould, UK cultural policy of the past thirty years has failed in many arenas cultural, social, economical, and political.BibliographyACGB, records 1928-1997. http//www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/wid/ead/acgb/acgbb.html (capital of the join Kingdom capital of Seychelles Albe rt Museum)Alexander and Rueschemeyer, 2005 _________________________________Alexander, David (1978), A insurance policy for the humanities scarcely wind Taxes, (capital of the united Kingdom Selsdon Group, 1978)Amis, Kingsley (1979). An arts indemnity? 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